This chapter describes five commonly held principles
about multimedia learning that are not supported by
research and suggests alternative generalizations that
are more firmly based on existing studies. The
questionable beliefs include the expectations that
multimedia instruction: 1) yields more learning than
live instruction or older media; 2) is more motivating
than other instructional delivery options; 3) provides
animated pedagogical agents that aid learning; 4)
accommodates different learning styles and so maximizes
learning for more students; and 5) facilitates student
managed constructivist and discovery approaches that are
beneficial to learning. pdf. 2005
